History of Ijaw People

The Ijaw people (also known by the subgroups “Ijo” or “Izon”) are people in Niger Delta area in Nigeria, predominantly found within Bayelsa state, Delta State, Ondo State, Edo State, Akwa-Ibom state, Cross Rivers State and Rivers State. Ijaw culture really has a lot of things to offer, because the history of Ijaw and it’s culture itself is fascinating and runs deeply, despite the fact it is poorly studied. We are going to observe the Ijaw language to be more specific. There are nine closely cognate Niger–Congo languages, all these languages belongs to the Ijoid section of the Niger–Congo language family. The main division between the Ijo languages is between Eastern Ijaw and Western Ijaw. Izon is the most prominent of the ancient language group. It is spoken by about five million Nigerians. Izon language has two prominent groups. The first, related to Western (Central) Ijaw, is made up of speakers from eleven clans such as Tuomo, Mein (or Sagbama), Ekeremor, Apoi, Tarakiri, Bassan, Bumo (or Bomo), Arogbo, Kabuowei, Kololuma-Opokuma, and Ogboin. The South-eastern Izon is represented by Nembe, Brass, and Akassa (or Akaha). Kalabari is another influential Ijaw linguistic group. It is considered an Eastern Ijaw language, related to Kalabari clan, which is located on the eastern side of the Niger-Delta. There are several smaller language groups in Ijaw, which are defined by very close cultural and territorial bounds. They are the Epie-Atissa, Engenni, and Degema (or Udekama). Unlike most tribes, the Ijaws have two forms of marriage.

The first which is a small-dowry marriage, the groom is traditionally obliged to offer a payment to the wife’s family, which is typically in cash.

 In contrast to the first type, the second type of marriage is a large-dowry marriage. And here the children belong to the father’s family.

The Ijaw has strong and beautiful dressing skills; here the women clothing skills consist of a large piece of cloth wrapped around the hips and a blouse. Although in recent years more and more European-cut dresses are decorated with embroidery with beaded caps exclusively picturesque hats. There are a lot of varieties of styles of knitting scarves. Jewelry made of gold, silver, beads are very trendy. Traditional hairstyles are characterized by high complexity. Men’s clothing consists mainly of short pants and a shirt, over which a loose cap is worn. In the northern areas, the traditional dress of Ijaw is an elongated tunic, which is usually worn with baggy trousers. Moreover, the tunic and pants are ensemble and must be the same color. Actually, etibo is an informal version of a tunic without buttons, and caftan is an official one with three buttons and an aglet. The popularity of etibo among the ruling elite of Nigeria led to the emergence of a new name for the attire “senator”, which now almost entirely supplanted the original name.

The Ijaw language consists of two prominent groupings. The first, which is termed as either Western or Central Izon (Ijaw) consists of Western Ijaw speakers: Ekeremor, Sagbama (Mein), Bassan, Apoi, Arogbo, Boma (Bumo), Kabo (Kabuowei), Ogboin, Tarakiri, and Kolokuma-Opokuma (Yenagoa). Nembe, Brass, and Akassa (Akaha) dialects represent Southeast Ijo (Izon). Buseni and Okordia dialects are considered Inland Ijo.

On the other hand, the second major Ijaw linguistic group is Kalabari. Although the term Eastern Ijaw is not the right term, that is what Kalabari is considered as.

Kalabari is the name of one of the Ijaw clans that reside on the eastern side of the Niger-Delta (Abonnema, Buguma, Bakana, Degema etc.) who form a major group in Rivers State.

Other “Eastern” Ijaw clans are the Okrika, Ibani (the natives of Bonny, Finima, and Opobo) and Nkoro. They are neighbors to the Kalabari people in present-day Rivers State, Nigeria.

Ijaw communities and historical periods:

Below are some  notable communities amongst others that will be included within the Ijaw states.

  1. Abua: is a Local Government Area in Rivers State, Nigeria. Its headquarters is located in Ayama/Abua Central Abua. It has an area of 704 km2and a population of 282,988 at the 2006 census. Abua consists of Otapha, Okpeden, Ogbo Abuan, and Emughan. Each has its own ruler and minimum of seven villages under it.     
  2. Akassa: The Akassa tribe located in Bayelsaof the Ijaw people lives along the Nun River estuary and the Atlantic Coast of southern Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Akassa settlements include: Opu-Akassa, Sangana, and Kamatoru.   
  3. Andoni: The Obolo (Andoni) People,also known as Andoni tribe, is part of the proposed Obolo State. Obolo people are found in Rivers. They are part of Ijaw ethnic group, and have historical relations with Oron people, Ohafia, Ogoloma, Ido and Ibeno people of Niger Delta in Nigeria.     
  4. Apoi (Eastern): The Eastern Apoi tribeof the Ijaw people is located in central Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The Eastern Apoi tribe is small and geographically isolated. Apoi settlements include: Keme-ebiama, Kolokologbene, Ogboinbiri, Sampou, Gbaran, Kassama, and Azama. Migrants from the Eastern Apoi clan established the Western Apoi clan in Ondo State hundreds of years ago. Also, the Arogbo tribe traces its origins to a migration from the Apoi town of Gbaran.      
  5. Apoi (Western): The Western Apoi tribeof the Ijaw people live in Ondo State, Nigeria. The tribe (also called Ijaw Apoi or Apoi) consists of nine settlements: Igbobini, Ojuala, Ikpoke, Inikorogha, Oboro, Shabomi, Igbotu, Kiribo and Gbekebo. The Apoi inhabited higher ground than most of the other Ijaw tribes. They speak the Yoruba language as they no longer speak the Ijaw language. They are bordered to the north by the Ikale and to the west by the Ilaje. The clan also shares border with Igbotu, Kiribo and Gbekebo. The Apoi inhabited higher ground than most of the other Ijaw tribes. They speak the Yoruba language as they no longer speak the Ijaw language. They are bordered to the north by the Ikale and to the west by the Ilaje. The clan also shares border with the Arogbo Ijaw to the south and the Furupagha Ijaw to the east across the Siloko River. The Apoi people trace their origin to a migration from the Central Niger Delta in present day Bayelsa State and further to an early migration from Ile-Ife. Prior to arriving at their present location, tribal traditions recall a long period of settlement at Ukomu in what is now Furupagha territory.
  6. Arogbo: The Arogbo Izon People located in Ondo“are a Clan or Sub-ethnic group of the larger Izon Nation, the 3rd Largest Ethnic Nationatity in Nigeria. Izon Nation is surely the largest Ethnic Group in the Niger Delta Natural Region. They are very valiant and courageous folks. They have domiciled in the Southeastern part of present day Ondo State from about the 9th Century A.D. The Arogbo Izon Ibe covers over One Hundred and Twenty (120) Izon Towns and Villages with headquarters at AROGBO TOWN.
  7. Bassan: The Bassan tribe(Basan) of the Ijaw people lives in western Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Bassan settlements include: Ezetu (I and II), Koloama (I and II), Sangana, Foropah, Ukubie, Lubia, Azuzuama, Akparatubo, and Ekeni. Unlike other Ijaw tribes, the Bassan do not have a cultural tradition of common origin. It is believed that each of the villages that make up the clan were settled by separate migrations. As a result, no form of central authority developed among the Bassan. Some of the villages forged temporary alliances; others quarreled with each other over land and fishing rights.
  8. Bille: The Bille Tribe(Bile, Bille) of the Ijaw people lives in central Rivers State, Nigeria. Bille is one of the Ancient Ijaw Kingdoms in the Eastern Niger Delta region. The tribal seat is the town of BilleBille Town is the headquarters of the Ancient Bille Kingdom founded by Queen Ikpakiaba in the 9th century. It is a choice place for tourism because of its rich unadulterated culture of the Ijaw people. The people are friendly, accommodating and fun loving  . Bille is one of the places on earth where the dignity of womanhood is upheld. Democracy is enshrined in its culture and therefore there is a practice of equal rights. 
  9. Bumo: (Ogu-bolo) The Ibani tribelives in southern Rivers State, Nigeria. Bonny Town is the tribal seat, which is located at the edge of the Atlantic Ocean on the bight of bonny, although the Bonny civil war of the 19th century led to the establishment of a rival capital in Opobo. The tribe has a strong central authority structure and a long-established royal lineage; they are a subgroup of the Ijaw people.
  10. Bonny: The Ibani tribelives in southern Rivers State, Nigeria. Bonny Town is the tribal seat, which can be located at the edge of the Atlantic Ocean on the bight of bonny, although the Bonny civil war of the 19th century led to the establishment of a rival capital in Opobo. The tribe has a strong central authority structure and a long-established royal lineage; they are a subgroup of the Ijaw people. Bonny’sdevelopment was also shaped by the tribe’s close interaction with European traders. The Kingdom of Bonny was a major trading center from the 16th century onwards they were known for the exportation of palm oil and palm kernel. The cult of the iguana (or ikuba) also features strongly in Bonny cultural traditions. The indigenes of Bonny and Opobo kingdoms are collectively known as the Ibani people. Although they speak the Ibani dialect of the Ijaw language, Igbo is also widely spoken. Historically, Bonny frequently engaged in several wars against its nearby rivals, such as Elem Kalabari and Andoni. Other important Ibani settlements include: Finima, Abalama, Oloma, kuruama etc. 
  11. Buseni: The Buseni tribe (Biseni) lives in the central Bayelsa State, it is a small tribe bordered by the Gbaran to the north and by the Zarama and Okordia clans to the northeast. Buseni dialects represent Southeast Ijo (Izon). And it is considered the Inland Ijo.
  12. Egbema: The Egbema tribe live in Ogba-Egbema-Ndoni Rivers State, Nigeria. The Kingdom is split politically into two different states due to the creation of Nigerian states. Egbemas are found in Imo (Ohaji/Egbema) and Rivers state (Ogba-Egbema-Ndoni). The Egbema have a strong Igbo cultural identity, despite their location on the southern fringe of Igboland. The Kingdom is made up of 17 villages.
  13. Ekpetiama: The Ekpetiama clanof the Ijawethnic group lives in central Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The clan derives its name from its common ancestor: Ekpeti. Tombia is the clan preeminent town. Other settlements include: Bumodi, Agudama, Akabiri, and Gbarantoru. The Ekpetiama clan holds an annual festival honoring its clan god, Amadosu. Tombia and Bumodi both have shrines honoring Amadosu. The governor of Bayelsa State Governor, Douye Diri gave automatic scholarship to Ebizi Blessing Eradiri for her Master and Doctorate degrees in any university in Nigeria or abroad. These event was honored by the Ibenanaowei of Ekpetiama Kingdom, King Bubaraye Dakolo.  
  14. Ekeremo: Ekeremoris one of the eight local government areas(LGAs) in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. It borders Delta State and has a coastline of approximately 60 km on the Bight of Bonny. Its headquarters are in the town of Ekeremor in the northeast of the area.
  15. Engenni: The Engenni peopleare an Ijaw subgroup that live in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. They are considered to be Ijoid based on linguistic grounds. They are actually Ijoid (they are of Ijaw root). This is because their oral history connects them with their Ijaw relatives. They primarily live in Ahoada west local government area of Rivers state, Nigeria. Although they consider themselves to be Engenni, the Engenni speak an Ijoid language. Alagoa (2003) said: “The penetration of the Niger-Delta by Edoid groups extends to the Epie-Atissa and Engenni of the central and Eastern Niger-Delta—-The Epie, along with the Ogbia and other groups of the central and eastern Niger-Delta, are historically united with the Ijaw.” The other groups of the central and eastern Niger-Delta which Professor Ebiegberi Alagoa said that were historically united with the Ijaw, include the Engenni, as shown from his narrative above. The Engenni have close relations with neighbouring Ijaw tribes such as the Zarama and Epie-Atissa.
  16. Epie-Atissa: The Epieand Atissaare two Nations that live along Epie Creek, northeast of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Together, they are commonly known as the Epie-Atissa. The influx of the Engenni migrants to the present location of Epie-Atissa led to its expansion. The Engenni people belong to the Edoid group who share cultural similarity with the Ijaw and the Engenni. Epie-Atissa settlements include: Onopa, Igbogene, Kpansia, Ogu, Edepie, Yenaka, Opolo, Swali, Ikolo, Akenfa, Yenagoa, and Biogbolo. They speak the Epie language. 
  17. Furupagha: The Furupagha tribeis an Ijaw tribe that lives along the Siluko River in southwestern Edo State and along the Owena River in Odigbo local government area of Ondo State Nigeria. The town of Zide is the traditional clan seat for those currently in Edo State while Iyaradina for the Furupagha people in Ondo State. The Furupagha trace their origins to the Bassan village of Furupagha in the central Niger Delta.
  18. Gbaramatu: Warri South Westis a Local Government Areain Delta State, Nigeria. It was created in 1996 and has its headquarters in Ogbe-Ijoh, an ijaw Warri South West, It is home to the ijaw and itsekiri ethnic groups in Delta State. The majority Ijaws inhabit Ogbe-ijoh, Gbaramatu, oporoza, okerenkoko, Isaba and Diebiri and other communities, while the Itsekiris inhabit the Ugborodo, Bateren, Ogidigben and Madangho communities. Politically, the Itsekiris currently have six wards (Aja-udaibo, Akpikpa, Madangho, Ogidigben, Orere and Ugborodo). whereas the Ijaws have four wards (Gbaramatu, Isaba, Ogbe-ijoh and Oporoza). This LGA boasts of some of the largest proven oil and gas reserves in Delta State and the Niger Delta. Operation has commenced in the phase one the Escravos Gas to Liquid project, and in March 2015 another $16 Billion gas project was commissioned. In addition, the Nigeria Maritime University is located in Okerenkoko with a take-off Campus at Kurutie In the presence of the wealth of natural resource, the LGA has suffered huge impact of resource extraction and communal disputes but in the past years it has emerged a state place for business and development. 
  19. Gbaran: The Gbaran tribeof the Ijaw people lives along Taylor Creek (“Gbarain toru”) in central Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Gbaran settlements include: Okotiama, Poloaku, Obinagha, Ogboloma, Nedugo, Agbia, Ibiaye (Ebiyai), and Koroama. Okotiama is the senior community. The close proximity of Gbaran villages along Taylor Creek has helped them maintain their shared cultural traditions. The clan god is Gbaran Ziba, Gbarain is actually a clan occupying the villages mentioned above. The Gbarain people are part of the Izon (Ijaw) ethnic nationality. Gbarain was founded by a man called Gbarainowei, son of Oporoza the son of Izon. Gbarainowei’s brothers are Kumbowei and Kabowei in Sagbama Local Government Area of Bayelsa State in Nigeria. The Gbarain people speak a dialect Izon. Their occupations, like other of Izon groups, include fishing, farming, canoe-carving and palm oil production.
  20. Iduwini: The Iduwini tribeof the Ijaw people lives along the Atlantic coast of southwestern Delta State and northwestern Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Important Iduwini settlements include Amatu and Orobiri. The Iduwini Volunteer Force (IVF), a militant group made up of some clan members, conducted kidnappings and other attacks on local oil company targets in 2006.
  21. Isaba: The Isaba tribeof the Ijawpeople lives in and around the town of Isaba, south of Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. Some consider the Isaba to be their tribe; others consider it to be a part of the Ogbe tribe. This disagreement arises out of the decentralized authority structure of the Ogbe.             
  22. Kabo: The Kabo tribe(Kabowei, Kabu-Owei) of the Ijaw people lives in the vicinity of Patani in Delta State, Nigeria. The tribe gets its name from its founder, Kabo, and from Kabobolou Creek. Two Kabo towns (Kolowari and Aven) are located along the creek. Other Kabo settlements include: Patani, Elemebiri (Ofonibeingha), Asamabiri, and Ekperiwari. Because of their close contact with neighboring peoples, most Kabo are bilingual, speaking their own Ijaw dialect as well as the Urhobo or Isoko language. The Pere of Kabu-Owei is the paramount ruler of the Kabu-Owei Kingdom. The towns, which make up the Kabu-Owei Kingdom, are Koloware, Aven. (Taware, Akowre, Ogemware, Ekise, Osou-ware, Okruware, Ajfenaware, Okruware) known as Patani (Opu-Kabu) Asedeni and Pereware can be found in Abare all in Patani Local Government Area of Delta State, while Asamabiri, Ekperi-ware, Elemebiri, Trofani Aduku, New Patani and Adagbabiri are all in Sagbama Local Government Area of Bayelsa State.
  23. Kalabari: The Kalabariare a sub-group of the Ijaw people living in the eastern Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Originally, they were known as the Awesome. The name Kalabari was derived from their ancestor Perebo Kalabari who was a son of Mein Owei. Their original settlement was spelt as Calabar by the Portuguese which was pronounced Kalabari. This settlement (town) was abandoned as the people moved to other fishing settlements. Portuguese settlers continued to maintain the name Calabari which became surrounded by the Efik people of Duke town. When the British came the word Calabari was pronounced as Calabar (Kalaba) instead of Kalabari. At this time the original Ijoid Kalabaris had moved to a new location which became the new Calabar territory since the old Calabar is occupied by different people. Old Calabar became an Efik town with time which has the name Calabar. The Kalabariare a sub-group of the Ijaw people living in the eastern Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Originally, they were known as the Awome. The name Kalabari was derived from their ancestor Perebo Kalabari who was a son of Mein Owei. Their original settlement was spelt as Calabar by the Portuguese which was pronounced Kalabari. This settlement (town) was abandoned as the people moved to other fishing settlements. Portuguese settlers continued to maintain the name Calabari which became surrounded by Efik people of Duke town. When the British came the word Calabari was pronounced as Calabar (Kalaba) instead of Kalabari. At this time the original Ijoid Kalabaris had moved to a new location which became the new Calabar territory since the old Calabar is occupied by different people. Old Calabar became an Efik town with time which has the name Calabar. Elem Kalabari (Old Kalabari) became a large kingdom that has about 35 settlements including Bakana, Abonnema, Buguma, Tombia and others. The present Monarch is King Amachree XI (Professor Theophilus Princewill CFR), along with his Chiefs, most of whom are royal princes. Together, they form the royal court.      
  24. Kolokuma: The Kolokuma tribeof the Ijaw people live along the Nun River in Bayelsa State, Southern Nigeria. Kolokuma settlementsinclude: Seibokorogha (Sabagreia), Odi, Okoloba, Igbedi and Kaiama. The geographic position of the Kolokuma clan caused them to interact with neighboring peoples including the Mein, Western Tarakiri, Isoko, and Ndokwa Igbo. Also, wars were fought between the Kolokuma and the Boma and Oyakiri tribes in the distant past. Egbesu is the tribal god of the Kolokuma. Historically, the tribe came under the central authority of the high priest of Egbesu, The Kolokuma people speak the Izon language. They are predominantly farmers and fishermen. The freedo just fighter Major Adaka Boro was from the Kolokuma tribe.             
  25. Kula: The Kula tribeof the Ijawpeople lives in Akuku Toru Local Government Area, southwestern Rivers State, Nigeria. The Kula people were not originally speaking Kalabari as their language but has lost their real language due to trade and close interactions with the Kalabaris. The small Kalabari-speaking tribe is sometimes classified as a Kalabari community rather than as its own tribe. The tribal seat is the town of Kula (also known as Anyame-Kula or Anyaminama-Kula) founded and established by King Sara 1.
  26. KE: Ke in the region of Rivers is a town in Nigeria, Kalaekuleama is one of the communities that made-up Ke Kingdom, a Kalabari Language speaking settlement in the Degema Local Government Area of Rivers State.
  27. KOU: Kou Cluster is one of the pioneer SPDC GMoU clusters inaugurated in 2007 among others across the Niger Delta Region. The cluster is made up of six communities including Agge, Agge Palm Bush, Amazor, Azamabiri, Ogbeintu and Orobiri all in the Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State.
  28. Kumbo: The Kumbo tribe(Kumbowei) of the Ijawpeople lives in southern Delta State and northern Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The major town of Sagbama is the tribal seat. Other important Kumbo settlements include: Agoloma, Apeleibiri, Angiama. Despite being located close to one another, Kumbo towns enjoy a great deal of autonomy from central tribal authority.                                                     
  29. Mein: The Mein tribeof the Ijaw people lives along the Forcados River in Delta State, Nigeria. The Mein trace their origins to Benin City, via parts of the central Niger Delta. Important Mein settlements include Ogobiri and Kiagbodo. Most of the Mein live along the Forcados River in Burutu and Bomadi Local Government Areas of Delta state, with Kiagbodo as the most conspicuous settlement. As indicated by Mein customs, the eponymous progenitor, Mein lived at Benin and moved to Aboh to keep away from wars. He then left Aboh with a huge after because of contentions, and settled at Ogobiri in the Sagbama – Igbedi brook (present day Bayelsa state). It was from here that further developments happened for the most part because of questions and over-populace, prompting displacements toward the western Delta.
  1. Nembe: The Nembe Kingdomis a traditional statein Niger Delta. It includes the Nembe and Brass Local Government Areas of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The traditional rulers take the title “Amanyanabo”. Today, leadership is split between the Amanyanabos of Ogbolomabiri, Bassambiri, Okpoama, Odioama and Twon Brass.                         
  2. Nkoro: The Nkoro tribe’of the Ijaw people lives in south-eastern Rivers State, Nigeria. Nkoro settlements include: Nkoro, Ayama, Dema, the cultural traditions have been influenced by its proximity to the Andoni, the Bonny. The Nkoro dialect is a dialect of the Ijaw language. One section of Nkoro town, Afakani, speaks an entirely different dialect from the rest of the clan. The clan sometimes refers to itself as Kala-Kirika(“Little Okrika”), reflecting the widely held belief that the clan was established by migrants from Okrika. Historically, the Nkoro waged war with the Ogoni. Eventually, however, a truce was negotiated and a market was established at Inyaba where the Nkoro could exchange fish for Ogoni farm goods. Wars were also fought against the Bonny and Andoni tribes.                                                
  3. Obotebe: Obotebeis an Ijaw kingdom in Burutu Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. The Obotebe people are known for their dexterity in cultural displays. The Awouziowu festival remains a pivotal cultural event that has attracted interest from the all across Nigeria and foreign tourist. The Kingdom is ruled by ‘The Ebenanaowei, fondly referred to as Umbi, his title. Historically, the Obotebe people have engaged in warfare with their neighbors, the Mein Ijaw and the Itsekiri. The Mein village of Gbekebo sits at the mouth of the creek that leads to Obotebe territory. The Obotebe people have had good relations with the Urhobo, with whom they trade.
  4. Ogbe: The Ogbe tribeof the Ijaw people lives along the creek in the southern part of the city of Warri in Delta State, Nigeria. The settlements of Ogbe-Ijoh and Diobiri are considered Ogbe territory. Each town is autonomous; there is no central tribal authority. The town of Isaba is considered by some to be its own tribe; others see it as part of the Ogbe. The Ogbe tribe traces its historical origins to the migrations by members of the Ekeremor and Seimbiri tribes in the western Niger Delta.                     
  5. Ogulagha: Ogulagha Kingdom(Ogula) is a riverine, ijaw and oil producing kingdom in the Burutu LGA of Delta State, Nigeria. It is located 33.3 miles from Warri. Main occupation is fishing, hunting and farming. In Ogulagha Kingdom the wet season is warm and overcast, while the drier season is mostly hot and cloudy. The kingdom lies in an oil-producing area, with operations by Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC), Nigeria Agip Oil Company (NAOC), and other companies. Allegations of corruption and unfair distribution of oil royalties have led to local conflict, and opposition to the federal government. The area is susceptible to flooding and erosion. In 2021, it was reported that housing had been lost as a result of degradation of a 24-year-old seawall.
  6. Odimodi: Odimodi is situated in the south-south part of Nigeria.As to the administrative division, Odimodi belongs to Burutu local area of Delta State. It is host to forcados terminal and consists of federated communities as okuntu, beniboye, Gbidipou, and boutobo.
  7. Obbia: Ogbiais a Local Government Areaof Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Its headquarters is in the town of Ogbia in the south of the area It is well known for its historic value to the today Nigerian state economy mainstay, i.e., its oil industry, being the local government area encompassing Oloibiri the first place oil was discovered on Sunday 15 January 1956.                                                  
  8. Okrika: Okrikais a port town in Rivers State, Nigeria, The town is situated in the southern part of Port Harcourt, making it a suburb of the much larger city. It lies on the north of the Bonny River and on Okrika Island. Formerly a fishing village of the Ijo (Ijaw) people in the mangrove swamps of the eastern Niger River(Delta), Okrika became the capital of the Okrika kingdom in the early 17th century and actively dealt in slaves. It served as a port for the exportation of palm oil after the abolition of the slave trade in the 1830s, but it was a less significant port facility than either Bonny. Okrika had been completely eclipsed by Port Harcourt, and it was not revived as a commercial port until 1965, when the nearby Port Harcourt refinery was completed and pipelines were built to a jetty on Okrika Mainland. It also has a major gas plant facility (Alakiri gas plant) that supplies to the refinery and others. Refined petroleum products are some of Okrika’s significant exports. The town has considerable local trade in fish (which is in rapid decline due to pollution of the waters and land by crude oil activities) oil palm produce, locally processed salt, cassava (manioc), taro, plantains, and yams.
  9. Ogboin: The meaning of mango tree in Ijaw dialect means Ogbointen and Ogboinmeans mango. The name Ogboinis title of Akama the founder of           
  10. Okordia: is a community located in Bayelsa sate, Okodia (Okordia), or Akita, is one of three small Inland Ijaw languages of Nigeria, Okodia (Okordia), or Akita, is one of three small Inland Ijaw languages of Nigeria.
  11. Opobo, otherwise known as Opubo, is a town situated in the southern region of Nigeria. The Kingdom was founded in 1870 by King Jaja, originally an Igbo from Amaigbo in Nwangele Local Government Area of Imo State. A greater part of the city state is still referred to as Opobo in Rivers State. Opobo is made up of several islands and communities, mainly Opobo Town (Opuboama), Queenstown, Kalasunju, Oloma, Ayaminimah, Iloma, Minimah, Okpukpo, Iwoma, Ekereborokiri, Kalaibiama, and Epellema. The major language is Igbo. A part of the city state is now in Akwa Ibom State, made up of Ikot Abasi, Kampa.
  12. Opokuma: Kolokuma/Opokumais a Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Its headquarters is in the town of Kaiama. Much of the area of the LGA is occupied by the Bayelsa National Forest.

Ijaw culture really has a lot of things to offer, because the history of Ijaw and it’s culture itself is fascinating and runs deeply, despite the fact it is poorly studied.

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